International Business Management Marketing Essay

International Business Management Marketing Essay 1.0 Executive summary This report details subject of exporting which includes the reasons why companies internationalize and the measures the should undertake before pursuing export strategies. The systematic approach have been discussed in detail. We have talked about the two export strategies available in any organization pursuing the export strategy. We have also talked about the different types of direct and indirect exporting(which are the two main strategies of exporting, indirect and direct exporting). The benefits that the organization gain from pursuing them and how best to go about them. They have been discussed in detail , every advantage comes a disadvantage they have talked about the pitfalls that come with pursuing the strategies. Exporting strategy in general has been discussed . I have used a small company based in the United States to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of exporting. 2.0 METHODOLOGY Mainly the information in this report was from text books. Also through the discussion with fellow colleagues, debates also contributed to the information gathered in the report. The internet through the world-wide web also made contribution to the information contained in the report. 3.0 INTRODUCTION Exporting refers to strategy of producing products or services in one country (often the producers home country) selling and distributing them to customers located in other countries. Many organizations use exporting as an entry strategy . It is flexible and in the case where the product is not doing well due to the changes in the environment the firm can easily put out without incurring sufficient costs. Exporting is one of the cheapest and less risky ways of internationalizing. Internationalizing business refers to the performance of trade and investment activities by the firms across the borders. There are many ways that can lead a firm to internalize. The main reasons are: To seek opportunities growth through market doors diversification, substantial market potential exists outside the home country. To earn high profits, for many types of products and services market growth in mature economies is sluggish or flat These are some of the main reasons why most companies internationalize or export their product. At a broadest level firms internationalize or export to enhance competitive advantage.Cavusgil et al (2008 p5,p17) 4.0 THE SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO EXPORTING According to Cavusgil et al (2008, p.391-394) There is need for an organization to have a systematic approach before exporting the goods and services. The more experienced managers use a systematic approach to improve the firms prospects for successful exporting by assessing potential markets, by organizing the firm to undertake exporting, acquiring appropriate skills and competences and implement export strategies. The following steps are taken and examined in detail: 4.1 First step: Asses global market opportunity Managers will assess the firms readiness to internationalize, then choose the most appropriate country market and partners. The look at the readiness of the firm and its products. Tools like CORE (Companies readiness to export available online at global edge) are undertaken. Managers will assess the most attractive markets , potential distributors and identifies the industry market potential. Visiting promising countries is a significant approach because managers are able to understand the Customers needs, competitive environment and other external factors. 4.2 Second step: Organize for exporting Managers make decisions about what degree of the firms involvement, resources to be committed and the type of domestic and foreign intermediaries to hire, what sort of time-table the firm should pursue to achieve export goals and objectives. 4.3 Third step: Acquire skills and competences The firm acquires skills and competences to handle export operations. It trains staff and engages appropriate facilitating firms (such as freight forwarders, bankers and international trade lawyers) The reason as to why companies do this is because of the complexity of export transactions. The company can either launch a new product or use the adaption strategy when opportunity countries vary in terms of infrastructure; finance in the customer purchases hence the need for managers to gain internationally oriented capabilities. 4.4 Fourth step: Implementing exporting strategy Here managers will make decisions about product adaptation, marketing communities; pricing and supporting foreign subsidiaries and intermediaries. Product adaptation is the modifying a product to suit the needs and tastes of buyers in the target market. A good example is when Microsoft company in Germany, it must ensure that the software is written in Germany. Market adaptation refers to modifying advertising , selling style, public relations and promotional activities to suit individual markets, this of course will depend on the target market, the nature of the product and the firms position in the markets relative to competitors. Identifying and analyzing the four steps available to the organizations (which is known as the systematic approach) will help it decide which export strategy to pursue. They are to main strategies available namely direct and indirect exporting. The both have their advantages and disadvantages . it is important to understand and asses them. Firms selection on which strategy to pursue should be relative to the products or services. Certain products may be favorable with direct exporting while others will not. 5.0 EXPORTING INDIRECTLY With this approach a company engages intermediaries located in the firms home market. The intermediaries or intermediaries or firms are capable of finding foreign markets and buyers for its products. Export trading companies (EMs), export trading companies (ETs), international trading consultants and other intermediaries can give the exporter access to well contracts. Yet the export can still retain considerable control of the benefits of exporting, such as learning more about foreign competitors new techniques and market opportunity. The following are the independent organizations within the exporters domestic market, these are; Domestic-based merchants (export) who take time hire to the products and sell abroad Piggy-banking, this is where the exporter uses the overseas distributing facility of another facility Co-operations organizations, these act on behalf of a number of products and are partly controlled by the producers of primary products such as fruit nuts export through co-operative organizations Domestic-based export agents who sell on behalf of the exporter, these are usually paid on commission. Jobber(2007,p.956) 5.1 Advantages of exporting indirectly Indirect exports dont require a lot of organizational effort , staff workers . even if a company operates on export department, it emphasis only on a small number of employees, as the main work is carried out by foreign trade partners who have obtained an order. Indirect exporting can relatively move out of the market if it turns out that it does not match its goals and objectives. 5.2 Drawbacks of exporting indirectly During exporting, not all goods and services can be sold on the international market. Technically complex goods for example plasma screens, computers and some gadgets will not be suitable for indirect exporting. Although in the of indirect export exit to foreign market demands small financial and human resources it is not always effective in the long run. It leads t de-minimizing returns. Trading partners try to get maximum profits from their services as mediators. This leads to the rise of transfer of goods and services to a retailer with small profits for the enterprise. Besides the latter cannot acquire its own experience in foreign market has no information on the wishes of clients the behavior of competitors and general economic conditions in individual countries. Not all the brokers are usually the optimum market potential and opportunities for marketing. This allows in miscalculations and mistakes in various actions they undertake. This affects the income of producers or exports of goods. A good example is where certain foreign markets are not optimal goods that may be offered to exporters. The price can be set without taking into account specific parts of the market. The company exporting indirectly is deprived of direct communication with the end uses. This includes transition to other forms of work in the markets. Advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect exports CBS (Anon n.d.) 6.0 EXPORTING DIRECTLY This approach is the most ambitious and difficult. The exporter handle every aspect of the exporting process from market research and planning to foreign distribution collections, substantial commitment of management time and attention is required to achieve good results. However this approach maybe best way to achieve high profits and growth with reasonable assistance and guidance from the department of commerce, state trade offices freight forwarders, international banks and other service groups. 6.1 TYPES OF DIRECT EXPORTING Companies usually use agents and distributors in some or all of their exports abroad. It has been estimated that over 60percent of US companies go for some or their export activity. In the European firms figures it rises to 70percent. Agents may be exclusive, where the agreement is between the exporter and the agent alone; semi-exclusive, where the agent handles the goods along with other non-competing goods from companies ; or exclusive, where the agent handles a variety of goods, including some that they may compete with exporter products. Distributors are different from agents , the take hire to the goods and payment ( to the distributors) is according to the differences between the buying and selling prices rather than commission. Distribution are only appointed when after-sales service is required to they are more likely to posses the necessary resources than agent. The advantages of both agents and distributors are that they are acquainted with local market, customs and conventions, existing business contracts and foreign nationals. They have a direct incentives to sell through either commission or profit margin, but since their remuneration is tied to sales they way be reluctant to devote much time and effort to developing a market for a new product. Also the amount of market feedback may be limited as the agent or distributor may see themselves as a purchasing agent for customers rather than selling agent export. 6.2 Domestic-based sales representatives Since he is a company employer he has direct control of activities. When the company is not comfortable with the way agents and distributors are handling their product they can engage a sales representative to performance most of the activities. Company employs will apply more commitment to the customer; which may seem absent in the distributors and agent consequently they are often uses in industrial markets where there are a fewer large customers that require close contract with suppliers and where the size of orders justifies the expense of foreign travel. 6.3 Overseas sales/marketing office or subsidiary This is a bigger customer commitment in this choice than using domestic-base sales representatives. The major concern with option is the huge amount of investment required . however, the exporter may be seen to be an indigenous supplier, this improves the chances of achieving market success. In some markets, where access to distribution channels is limited selling direct through an overseas sells office maybe the only feasible way of breaking into the market. The sales office or subsidiary acts as a center for foreign based sales representatives, handles sales distribution and promotion and is a customer service center. 6.4 The internet Companies can now export directly to customers through the global reach of the internet. By creating a website overseas consumers are aware of the firms products and can order directly. The internet is not only on demand to market but also used as a useful research tool. Sites like the international growth offer skills and resources for specific industries for example system and computing services companies. Jobber(2007,p.957-959) 6.5 Advantages of direct exporting Through direct export target management and the control of sales become possible which is unrealistic on the case of direct export The exporting company establishes the direct contact with a foreign partner and not only operates through its own foreign trade companies abroad but also has the best opportunities for direct participation foreign transaction. Direct export is applicable to a wide range of goods and services. By exporting a larger number of financial and human resources is covered than in the case of indirect export The advantage of direct exports are especially apparent in the export and supply of company products and services, the sales of which would not have been possible through foreign trade companies and export firms. This applies, above all to those goods and services that have a small degree of standardization and high-line scheme. 6.6 The main drawbacks of direct exporting While direct exporting is applicable to a wider range of goods and services, for certain goods and services direct export is considered inappropriate in the same way as indirect. This applies to goods that are due to short work life and cannot or unlike be exported; goods which may be associated with high transport costs, goods which require complex after sale service which cannot by resellers Direct export is fraught with difficulties for enterprises of economic kind, such are those associated with deterioration of exchange rates. If the rate of domestic or currencies of third countries increases in markets However compared the indirect exporting, the exporter must dedicate more time, Personnel and Corporate Resources in developing and managing operations. Advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect exports CBS (Anon n.d.) 7.0 THE EXPORT STRATEGY International transactions that involve the exchange of product are home based international trade activities, such as global, sourcing, exporting and countertrade. Here we are concerned about exporting and its advantages and disadvantages available for the firm. For us to understand the advantages and disadvantages we will discuss a company in brief and talk about what benefits and drawbacks exporting provides. Vellus product. Inc, a small company in the USA that makes gloaming products such as customized shampoos, conditioners, brushing sprays and detangles. According to the Doherty(the president of the firm) shampoo for the people dont work well on pets because animals skin is more sensitive than humans and easily irritated. Vellus first export sales was to a Taiwanese importer who purchased $25,000 worth of products to sell at Taiwan toy shows. The word was I started calls from people around world says president. Vellus has become quite familiar with the cultural aspects of various regions. Cavusgil et al (2008, p.381-382) 7.1 The exporting advantages available for Vellus Since Vellus is a small organization which has the potential to grow, exporting will increase its overall sales, improving market share and general profit margins that are often favorable than the domestic market. A good example in relation to Vellus, a Taiwanese importer who purchased $25,00 worth of products and many knew the product and the demand for the product increased. Increase in demand results into growth in market share which would later increase sales volume. Building up on the above advantage would add on to say increase in market share and demand would mean Vellus producing on a a large scale hence increasing economies of scale and reducing cost per unit of manufacturing. Exporting will diversify customer base, reducing dependency on home markets. To date, Vellus has exported its products to Australia, Canada, China, England, Norway and South Africa roughly half of its revenues come from exporting. From this we can say Vellus has diversified customer base in different countries and has also reduced its dependency on domestic market as half of its revenue has come from foreign markets. Exporting also stabilizes fluctuations in sales associated with economic circles or seasonality demand. For example Vellus can offset declining demands at home due to economic recessions or unforeseen environmental factors by refocusing efforts to other countries doing good in their economy. If Vellus faces high risk in foreign markets such as foreign currency fluctuations, unstable political environment into what is happening in the Ireland now where the economy has taken its turn to the worst, or decrease in demand for its product it can withdraw from the market. Exporting minimize flexibility and maximize risk. Since Vellus does not require a physical presence when pursuing an export strategy in foreign markets there is a lower cost of entry. Vellus can use exporting to test new markets before committing great resources through foreign direct investment. 7.2 The drawbacks of exporting Since exporting does not require a firm to have physical presence in a foreign market (in contrast FDI) , Vellus has fewer opportunities to learn about customers, competitors and other unique aspects of the market. Although Vellus has acquired information about some cultural aspects in some markets it may lack the full details which can be important in decision making. Having general knowledge of the target would prove dangerous as significant aspects such as what drives customers specific demand, however do our customers look at our competition and what policies government is pursuing. Exporting requires the firm to inquire capabilities and dedicate organizational resources to properly conduct export transaction. For small firms like Vellus limited resources can limit the way would conduct the export strategy. Exporting requires management to put more time and effort to learn about freight for forwarders, documentation, foreign currencies and new financing methods. The acquisition of such capabilities can put a strain on small businesses like Vellus who might not have the required resources and competencies to meet them. Compared to other entry strategies exporting is much more sensitive to tariff and other trade barriers as well as fluctuations in exchange rates. Into trade barriers Vellus might find it difficult to export to European markets due to unfavorable conditions( barriers) that apply if you are not in Europe or a member of the European union(EU). In relation to the exchange rate we will give an example: the US dollar gained 12% against the Euro and 15% against the Yen. This led to a slow growth of US exports harming those firms that rely heavily on exporting for generating international sales. Exporters run the risk of being priced out of foreign markets. Cavusgil et al (2008, p.389-391) 8.0 CONCLUSION The role of small medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in exporting is growing. In the United States SMEs have less than 500 employees although in Europe and elsewhere where firms may have fewer than 500 employees to qualify SMEs. Many governments have undertaken aggressive campaigns to help SMEs to become exporters. The world bank assists SMEs to develop their business skills. SMEs do not require large export markets they mainly carter for niches. Exporting in general has risen in recent years because its seen as a less risky and most flexible entry strategy.

Congo River In Heart of Darkness Essay

The Meaning of the Congo River for Marlow, the journey on the Congo River is one of the most difficult and ominous journeys he will ever take. The fact that it takes him around and not completely into the jungle is significant of Marlow’s psychological journey as well. He never really goes on land but watches the shore from the outside. The only time he goes on shore he finds a wasteland. For Marlow the jungle of the Congo is representative of evil that man is capable of. In Heart of Darkness, it seems that the further Marlow travels into the jungle, the deeper he looks into himself. All this time is spent on the Congo River as he looks from the outside. This is symbolic as he is looking at his soul from the outside but never really sees himself until he goes on land to get Kurtz. When he arrives on land is symbolic of when he looks the deepest into himself. He goes to find Kurtz on his deathbed and is given he choice to take over for him as a god among an African tribe. Marlow is faced with the ultimate choice between good and evil. For a moment it is uncertain what choice Marlow will make. But, unlike Kurtz, Marlow picks the good over evil, as he rescues Kurtz back to the steamer. The fact that Marlow sailed along the Congo River, around the jungle, and not actually into the jungle is an important symbol also. Marlow never walks the path that Kurtz did to self-destruction. He went around the jungle to avoid getting captured by evil. Kurtz was a decent Englishman until he gave into the desires of his heart of darkness. Kurtz spent all his time in the jungle and eventually forgot all of his self-control, manners, and upbringing. He truly looked in the deepest part of himself and found that his evil desires would reign. This is symbolic because he was deep inside the jungle. In this respect Conrad uses to men to show the reader both the good and bad of humankind. He shows the true evil and good that man is capable of If proper restraints had been there would Kurtz have done things differently? The fact that no one was around to keep Kurtz in check helped him succeed in becoming capable of the immense evil he became. Marlow had his shipmates there to keep him responsible. When he left the steamboat there wasn’t anyone to restrain Marlow. He was face to face with himself and his human desires, but as he looked at Kurtz and what the evil had done to him he saw the consequences of choosing evil. If Marlow hadn’t seen the consequences would he have acted differently? In the beginning of the novel, Marlow talks of things as if they are happening far away from him and not actually happening close by which represents that he is on the outside looking in. He also talks about a fog that settles over the river. This fog represents a distortion of what lies ahead. As he makes his decisions based on what he thinks is right but really he has no idea of what will happen to him or his crew. As the novel progresses the reader will start to understand all of these themes and symbols that the Congo River represents. It represents the shedding of layers of the soul and taking a look into the desires of the heart. By the end it seams as though the reader has taken a look into their own soul to find out what ultimately dominates them. Will they find themselves to be a Marlow; a person who exercises their capacity for good, or will they find themselves to be a Kurtz; a person capable of an immense heart of darkness?

‘A Passion for DNA: Genes, Genomes, and Society’

â€Å"No one then had any compelling reason to take my hypothesis seriously, but by November 1952 I liked it well enough to print DNA  ® RNA  ® protein on a small piece of paper that I taped on the wall above my writing table in my rooms at Clare College.From the day of our first meeting, Francis Crick and I thought it highly likely that the genetic information of DNA is conveyed by the sequence of its four bases. But we knew it was premature to promote this idea before the structure of DNA was known. However, the moment we first saw how to build a double helix out of the four base pairs, it was clear that the essential uniqueness of a gene must reside in its respective sequence of four bases.†So wrote James D. Watson in his book, A Passion for DNA: Genes, Genomes, and Society. In this work, told with refreshing honesty, is the human story of how Watson and Francis Crick won a Nobel Prize for what may be the most important advance in the life sciences since Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species.In this collection of essays (written for a variety of occasions during the past three decades), Watson discusses the science and sociology of several issues – foremost are recombinant DNA, the nature of cancer research, the past, present, and future of DNA the Human Genome Project and its bioethical problems.The book starts with an autobiographical discussion of the events in Watson’s life that preceded his discovery of the double helix. He then describes his scientific mentors, collaborators and rivals, as well as his philosophy on science. (Watson’s advice for budding scientists: learn from the winners, take risks, have a fallback, have fun and stay connected.)In 1953, two young, unknown scientists sparked a worldwide revolution. Studying DNA for clues to the nature of genes, James Watson and Francis Crick deduced its molecular composition – two chains twisted into a double helix – and immediately realized that th e structure implied how genes were copied and passed from one generation to the next.Their observation has had extraordinary consequences: the discovery of a genetic code that all living things share and the realization that the code translates into proteins; the ability to alter an organism's genetic make-up; recognition that diseases like cancer begin when genes go wrong; the foundations of a biotechnology industry and the means of cloning plants and animals; a start on cataloguing human genes; and the glimmer of a new kind of medicine that uses DNA therapeutically.As public concern about genetically modified food mounts, here is Watson's salutary reminder, from a previous era of DNA anxiety, that restrictions on potentially rewarding research are justifiable only if there is robust evidence of likely harm.Commenting on the 1970s War on Cancer, he warns that effective leadership of publicly funded research initiatives, such as the current search for an AIDS vaccine, demands the co urage to support promising but risky new ideas and prune away anything less than the best. And as the first Director of the Human Genome Project, now approaching its climax, he acknowledges the past evils of eugenics but argues fiercely for the need to balance potential misuses of genetic data with the overwhelming benefits of a rational attack on the roots of disease.In an essay on cancer research and the â€Å"war on cancer,† Watson tells us that to win wars one must know the enemy and the location of the battlefield. When Richard Nixon declared a war on cancer, this information was not yet available. The discovery and elucidation of the action of oncogenes and of cancer viruses were pivotal for understanding the terrain, planning the strategy, and pursuing the war. Watson provides numerous examples to stress the necessity of research in the basic sciences for developing successful therapies against cancer.

Catherine of Valois Biography

Transformational Leadership The Family, Life, And Early...

Transformational leadership Paper The Family, Life, and Early Life The person that I chose to do my transformational leadership person Lady Diana Frances. Lady Dianna was born on July first, 1961. Dianna had four siblings two brothers Charles and John Spencer, two sisters Lady Sarah McCorquodale and Jane Fellowes Baroness Fellowes. Her parents are Edward Spencer, Viscount Althorp. Her mother Frances Shand Kydd lived near Oban the Isle of Seil. Dianne mother was a prominent and well-respected figure in the Catholic community. and was noted for her charity work in her faith such as preparing meals for visiting clergies. Dianna mother, Frances Shand Kydd (68) died at home after suffering a long battle from a brain disease. The father of†¦show more content†¦She assisted Red Cross by leading a movement rid get rid of land mines. Dianna, a compassionate being traveled to Pakistan and Argentina, Angola and spoke on the terror of landmines left from wars. By lending her name to campaigning to ban landmines had a profound impact on Great Britain a nd other countries.So much so that a second bill was to stop the use of anti-personnel landmines called the Ottawa Treaty. Mr. Cook paid tribute to Princess Dianna for her contributions to the cause. Princess Dianna impacted Princes Dianna participated in various humanitarian causes such as leprosy, cancer, and AIDS. Princess Dianna devoted time to helping sick children and individuals who were homeless. Princess Dianna was a fundraiser and promoter for the organization that she supported. Princess Dianna helped families that were stigmatized by one’s family member in prisons. In addition to Palliative Care which gives One right to die that is sick from a fatal illness. Princess Dianna believed that one should have the right to die with dignity. Not only did Princess Dianna support these organization she leads by example she participated and brought her children to participated in humanitarian events such as feeding the homeless, allowing them to visit AIDS shelters. Prince ss Dianna wanted her boys to be able to relate to the emotions of other individuals. Therefore, creating a level of understanding between everyday people andShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Transformational Leadership Perspective And Parenting Essay1583 Words   |  7 PagesThis literature investigates leadership theories to gain a clearer image and pathway definition of the relationship between leaders and followers, and in doing so we uncover the extent of the effect this relationship has on the whole organisation. Consequently, the essay explores the theory of transformational leadership perspective and parenting. Therefore, a leader in many ways can be portrayed as a parent because transformational leadership is not just about right now but rather about rightRead MoreWhat Is A Leader?1207 Words   |  5 Pagesexecute in their settings. Very rarely do individuals tend to recall those who play a role behind the scenes away from work. The parent(s). Many forget that leadership be gins at home. The most influential time of an individual falls between birth and 5 years old. This makes the parent(s) the most influential person in every individual’s life. Early Psychologists such as Erik Erickson (1963), Jean Paiget (1967) and Abraham Maslow (1970) all stressed the extreme need an infant and toddler have for attachmentRead MoreMahatma Gandhi As A Pragmatism1136 Words   |  5 PagesMahatma Gandhi (Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi) was born on 2nd October 1869 at Porbander Gujarat. Ghandi was born into a middle-class family, he had his early education at Rajkot, he married to Kasturba. Then he went to England for higher studies. He was an average student in his early childhood. He returned to India as barrister. He went to south Africa and did practice as a lawyer. He fought for the rights of Indians living there. He left his practice and came back to India. He had worked for theRead MoreTransformational Leadership As An Exceptional Form Of Influence Essay1567 Words   |   7 PagesTransformational leadership is one of the most modern and popular advances to the ideas of leadership that has been given attention to much research since the early 1980s. Transformational leadership is part of the â€Å"New Leadership† paradigm (Northouse, 2013. p. 185). This idea gives more attention to the charismatic and affective elements of leadership (Northouse, 2013. p. 185). As the name suggests, transformational leadership is a method that changes and transforms people (Northouse, 2013. p. 185)Read MoreEffective Management Practices in Community Service Organizations1686 Words   |  7 PagesCommunity service organizations are essential for the strength and liveliness of our communities. Not only do they enrich the quality of life of several citizens, but they also exemplify the highest societal values that should be extended to all citizens. In the current ever-changing environment caused by shrinking resources, increased competition for funding and skill ed staff, and demands for accountability, organizations are being forced to look at new and creative ways to influence the workRead MoreThe Work Of Dock And Wald Raised Public Health1513 Words   |  7 Pagesissues and found leadership of both the Superintendents’ Society and the American Nurses Associations supported the formation of a fourth nursing organization† (Lewenson, 1996, p. 105). With established partnerships and constituencies, advancements of the nursing profession, better understanding of medications and disease processes, Dock and other influential nurses were able to improve health access, patient outcomes and transfer new knowledge and ideas to individuals and their families through publicRead MoreTraditional Leadership During The Industrial Era Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesTraditional Leadership Traditional leadership began during the Industrial Era (IE) when businesses focused on producing the most product in the least amount of time by standardizing processes (Baker, 2014). Creative problem-solving was not necessary during the IE environment and therefore could support chain-of-command hierarchies where a foreman said what to do, and the workers performed the task (Baker, 2014). Traditional leadership built America. Eventually, tasks became more complex, andRead MoreTransformational Leaders : Bill Gates And Melinda1223 Words   |  5 PagesTransformational Leaders: Bill Gates and Melinda The root of William Howard Bill Gates can be traced back to early of the 1900s when the popular press and many leaders’ researchers maintained that the leaders and followers were significantly different. Bill Gate was born in 1954, in Seattle Washington. Bill had a difference from masses, which chooses to follow him (Shah Mulla, 2013). As indicated by the text, even the followers of the leaders possess similar characteristics of people they followRead MoreAndrew Carnegie s Understanding Of The Z Process And Team Development1539 Words   |  7 Pagesof Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, now known as the City of Pittsburgh. His parents traveled to the area, as many immigrants did at the time, in an attempt to make a better life for their family. The Carnegies were extremely poor and Andrew’s mother and father worked hard to provide a stable living for their son. With his family values and strong moral character instilled in him at a young age, Andrew Carnegie matured int o a visionary leader who modernized the steel industry and created his own personalRead MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1749 Words   |  7 PagesDisorder and extended and more frequent deployments, the supportive approach is not only utilized, but is essential. The average deployment for the Army is 12 months deployed, followed by 12 months at home station, quite an extended separation from family. Reports have also shown that 5.5% of the population has been diagnosed with PTSD, whereas 13.2% have been identified within operational military units that have been deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan (Crum-Cianflone, Frasco, Armenta, Phillips, Horton

Pros And Cons Of School Uniforms - 712 Words

An epidemic among many schools around the United States and around the world is one huge thing. This epidemic among schools is the fact that students have to wear uniforms for their schools. However, some parents and students may disagree with wearing these uniforms. I am one who supports the statement that students should not wear these uniforms for their schools. The next paragraphs will explain the pros and cons of not wearing and wearing school uniforms. I personally think that students shouldn’t wear school uniforms, but there are some benefits to wearing school uniforms. To begin with, School uniforms keep students focused on their education, not their clothes. A bulletin published by the National Association of Secondary School†¦show more content†¦Now for the main focus of this paper, which is why students should not wear school uniforms. To begin with, school uniforms restrict students freedom of expression. The First Amendment of the US Constitution guarantees that all individuals have the right to express themselves freely. Clothing is also a popular means of expressing support for various social causes and compulsory uniforms largely remove that option. In Oct. 2013, students at Friendly High School in Prince Georges County, MD, were not allowed to wear pink shirts to support Breast Cancer Awareness Month. As a result, 75 students received in-school suspensions for breaking the schools uniform restrictions. Another reason why students shouldn’t wear school uniforms is that students focusing on uniforms takes attention away from finding genuine solutions to problems in education. Spending time and effort implementing uniform policies may detract from more effective efforts to reduce crime in schools and boost student performance. More substantive improvements to public education could be achieved with smaller class sizes, tightened security, increased parental involvement, improved facilities, and other measures. Many students say that they are a distraction from focusing on systematic and fundamental transformation to improve their schools. A final reason why school uniforms should not be weared is that they could promote bullying to some students. InShow MoreRelatedPros and Cons School Uniform1515 Words   |  7 PagesPros and Cons of School Uniforms Trina Warren Liberty University Professor Mink GRST 500/501 June 17, 2013 Abstract The decision for school district to enforce school uniforms has been in existence since the 16th century. School uniforms were originally created for poor children; however, over time, schools saw uniforms as a way to bring students together. There has been debate whether uniforms improve academic success while reducing affiliation of violence. There is opinion and study thatRead MorePros And Cons Of School Uniforms1206 Words   |  5 Pages School uniforms have been around for a long time in k-12th grades along with even some colleges, while most private schools have uniforms, now some public schools are trending toward uniforms as well. There are two sides to this argument, with pros and cons to both. I have interviewed Dale Patnode, Kelly Patnode and Patricia Patnode, they bring a first hand experience with what uniform show and what they do for students. Dale Patnode went to catholic schools throughout his whole life, experiencingRead MorePros And Cons Of School Uniforms1158 Words   |  5 PagesSchool Uniforms: Are Boomers and Stickers Affecting the Way People See Them? People say that school uniforms are a good thing. They prevent bullying, they are easier for parents to dress younger students, and they help students focus on studying, not what they are wearing. Are school administrators or boomers of the American school systems causing students to become Wendys Berrys version of stickers? Having students wear school uniforms have several pros and cons to them, including the costRead MorePros And Cons Of School Uniforms1936 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish 10 CP 27 January 2015 Pros and Cons of School Uniforms In 1994, the school district of Long Beach California was one of the first to enforce school uniforms in the grades Kindergarten through 8th, and crime rates in the district dropped 22% soon after. School attendance also improved after the uniforms were introduced. Although this one statistic shows there are positive outcomes from school uniforms, there is one question that remains: Do school uniforms help or harm the students andRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of School Uniforms2005 Words   |  9 PagesStates is whether or not public school students should be required to wear uniforms. According to Lisa Flam, author of the article, â€Å"Are School Uniforms Helping or Hindering?† on Today.com, â€Å"Nineteen percent of public school principals reported requiring uniforms in the 2009-2010 school year, up from 12 percent a decade earlier, according to TODAY.† Many people are against the idea of allowing students to dress freely, but students not having to wear uniforms has its benefits. Parents wouldRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Uniforms In Schools845 Words   |  4 Pages School uniforms: a debate that has been tossed back and forth for years now. The percentage of schools that necessitate uniforms and the percentage of the ones that do not are approximately equal. This conveys a dispute that is difficult to find a definite solution for, due to the ambiguous negatives and positives being drawn between both arguments. Uniforms being a part of school systems became widespread first after Long Beach, California implemented them into their elementary and middle schoolsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of School Uniforms702 Words   |  3 PagesSchool uniforms have been around for decades within many private and parochial schools. In more recent years more and more public schools are implementing their own uniforms hoping to see a change for the good within their schools. Upon researching the effects of these uniforms, it is clear to see that school uniforms are unnecessary concepts that decrease student individuality and do not actually help school attendance or test scores. Prior to taking a strong stance on this controversial topicRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of School Uniforms791 Words   |  4 Pageshave the school uniform policy (research conducted in 2017). This means that one-fifth of the country’s students who are in school are not allowed to wear their own clothes. The statistics indicate that a majority of the United States disapprove of school uniforms since the percentage remains low. The topic about school uniforms has created two sides of the issue. Some believe that students should wear school uniforms to provide an equal learning environment. Those who oppose school uniforms believeRead MorePros, Cons, And Solutions Of The School Uniforms752 Words   |  4 PagesPros, Cons, and Solutions of The school Uniforms Individuality or uniformity, which one will you choose? The school uniforms are specific clothing students are forced to wear in an attempt to fix school related problems. They are quite controversial because they do fix some problems, but they also restrict students freedom of expression. School uniforms were first enforced in the 1980’s as an attempt to fix academic and behavioral problems. There are both positives and negatives of school uniformsRead MorePros And Cons Of School Uniforms819 Words   |  4 Pagesbe desired in schools with no school uniform. Being there is a major ethical appeal to introducing school uniforms to schools nationally. An advocate for school uniforms, Hillary Clinton, â€Å"as a way to help students focus on learning: ... Puts the focus on school, not on what youre wearing (Mike Wilson). When everyone is wearing school uniforms, equality would become more than a desired idea or way of life. It would become a reality. Visually accessible to an yone. School uniforms will reduce the

The Advance of ATO Data Matching-.com

Question: Can Robyn be taxed on any part of her salary, from Victoria University, in Australia for the 2016/17 tax year and any other years she acts as coordinator in Kolkata. Fully explain your answer. Answer: Introduction The case study throws light on a case where an employee of Victoria University is in dilemma regarding taxation of her salary. As per case Robin Rainer is an immigrant of Australia, maintains two bank accounts in two different countries. The main objective of this case study is to analyses whether Robin is a present resident of Australia during the year when she is serving her tenure at her work place. [1]Therefore income tax based upon the concerned year is to be considered. It is equally important to determine Robins both residential information for balance maintained in her different accounts. Australian tax laws follow certain rules as per directions of government, minimum satisfied for calculating residency status with the help of residency tests in s 6(1) of ITAA 36 (TR 98/17). Body Hence Ms. Robin Rainer case was subjected to the resident of Australia test where proper definition of resident is explained in s6 (1) of ITAA 1936 (TR 98/17). In this test some of the factors playing significant role are as follows: Robin is considered as an Australian resident for the tenure she is serving her work place, if she fulfills all the criteria related with the definition resident and identified by ATO in 98/17 [2]. Based on the fragmented information provided in the case study, here we have considered factors that determine Robins residential information in Australia as well as India. Robin successfully satisfies all the factors of being a resident of both the countries where the evidences speak of her relocation for only job purpose[3]. Thus, based on the evaluation of the case reference, it can be concluded that Robin has wisely adjusted his earnings. Receipt of unexpected income of $ 50,000 from college in June helped her repairing Davids golf buggy, which he earlier asked his students to pay for rather than paying fees. In addition to these, change in the course fee structure helped her more to increase his income. Moreover, Robins income from the agreement with Eastwood Golf Club to provide inst ructions regarding property rights in Australia along with those who have not yet being permanent resident so that she gets a clear idea of income tax charged on her property. Robin is serving Victoria University as a coordinator for quiet long time. Here at this crucial point opposition can easily contradict her of not being an original Australian resident therefore her income tax should go into Gross national product. Evidences have also provided information that she pays house rent in Australia and do not has own house. Her work place pays her travel allowances to travel college from her place, also she meets bonus from the university where she is sent for travelling the country at college funds cost, These information are sufficient to explain her intention to stay in Australia after her contract terminates on part time basis [4]. According to cases like IRC v Lysaght (1928) AC 234 and the case of Levene v IRC (1928) AC 217, Robin satisfys all the criteria of residence test. Therefore as per test, Robin is a resident of Australia for tax purpose, although she may not permanently going to reside there. Next we have to perform the domicile test after success of resident test. It is evident that robin is resident of Australia at present. She pays rent on flat there. She has her own family in India to look after, she transfer a part of her salary to Indian bank branch from where her family can easily withdraw. This pictures clear evidence being a resident of Australia and indian citizen every month she deposits money to both the accounts. Hence tax is payable from both the branches. Domicile and permanent place of abode says, Robin automatically has been proved to be citizen of Australia, because Robins has a place of abode in Melbourne. Next comes the effective test. 183 day test rule. Robin is working as a coordinator in victoria university for more than five years hence she has citizenship of Australia right now but her official documents revels that that she had arrived there on 18th march 2001 between this tenure she opted for a maternal leave dated 23rd May 2006 and travelled back to India [5]. she returns again back to Australia on 21st May 2007, and she continues again with her work again at university. Thus she was in leave for 1yr only. Hence again it is confirmed that Robin was present in Australia for more than 183 days for both before and after her leave [6]. She pays rent on flat there. She has her own family in India to look after, she transfer a part of her salary to Indian bank branch from where her family can easily withdraw. This picture clear evidence being a resident of Australia and Indian citizen every month she deposits money to both the accounts [7]. Robin won a noteworthy golf competition wi nning $50,000 at her college fest tournament which was held for teaching staffs. She demonstrated her thankfulness to her brother Paul who always stood for her and supported her. Robin gifted Paul for his superb showing she had given him the $10,000. According to the Australian taxation office, income under head personal services income, business income and commissions or compensation payments will be considered as assessable income for the tax purpose. If an individual earns more than 50% of the amount received for the contract work (especially from individual skills or expertise) from the business[8]. On the other hand, if the individual earns any kind of commissions or compensation on the part of any business activities will be considered as assessable income for tax purpose This is also a kind of test performed in such cases but as per case study provided, Robin case is exempted from this test. Hence it can be said that Robin is a resident of both Australia as well as India for tax purpose, and her income from both her accounts are tax chargeable[9]. Robin is considered as a citizen if she fulfills all the factors related to term resides in as defined in ATO in 98/17. We are considering all information as well as factors to understand citizenship of Robin. Robin resides in Australia for a very long time and continues to reside there thereafter. She has he, and she fall family in India where she has taken total responsibility of her family. Conclusion From the above discussed sections It can be concluded, In spite Robin not being a permanent resident she meets all her duty and legal procedures on time. She is known to pay $1000 for her house rents, and sending half of her salary to her family India. Juliet intends to return India as soon as her she pays of her new house loan in Kolkata. In addition to she receives a good amount of interest from banks and her fixed deposit. Hence it is confirmed and reconfirmed from the above discussed sections that she bears citizenship of both countries and her salary is obviously taxable. All the tests performed to study the provided case are very much effective and productive to obtain confirmed verdicts. According to the survey information of the tests final result is concluded. Also expert personals has checked all the official documents and id cards for being a responsible citizen and Rabins all documents are clearly verified. Reference List Barkoczy, S., 2016. Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Barkoczy, S., 2017. Core Tax Legislation and Study Guide.OUP Catalogue. Berg, C. and Davidson, S., 2016. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Tax and Revenue Inquiry into the External Scrutiny of the Australian Taxation Office. Blakelock, S. and King, P., 2017. Taxation law: The advance of ATO data matching.Proctor, The,37(6), p.18. Fry, M., 2017. Australian taxation of offshore hubs: an examination of the law on the ability of Australia to tax economic activity in offshore hubs and the position of the Australian Taxation Office.The APPEA Journal,57(1), pp.49-63. Hedges, J., Anderson, H.L., Ramsay, I. and Welsh, M.A., 2017. No'Silver Bullet': A Multifaceted Approach to Curbing Harmful Phoenix Activity. Vann, R.J., 2016. Hybrid Entities in Australia: Resource Capital Fund III LP Case. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. Australian Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Barkoczy, S., 2016. Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Blakelock, S. and King, P., 2017. Taxation law: The advance of ATO data matching.Proctor, The,37(6), p.18 Berg, C. and Davidson, S., 2016. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Tax and Revenue Inquiry into the External Scrutiny of the Australian Taxation Office Fry, M., 2017. Australian taxation of offshore hubs: an examination of the law on the ability of Australia to tax economic activity in offshore hubs and the position of the Australian Taxation Office.The APPEA Journal,57(1), pp.49-63. Berg, C. and Davidson, S., 2016. Submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Tax and Revenue Inquiry into the External Scrutiny of the Australian Taxation Office Vann, R.J., 2016. Hybrid Entities in Australia: Resource Capital Fund III LP Case. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. Australian Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. Australian Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Hedges, J., Anderson, H.L., Ramsay, I. and Welsh, M.A., 2017. No'Silver Bullet': A Multifaceted Approach to Curbing Harmful Phoenix Activity.